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Means, Howard

(?   -    ) US author of an Alternate History tale, C.S.A.: Confederate States of America (1998), set in the Near Future of a world in which the Confederacy (most implausibly) won the American Civil War. The premise of this alternate timeline is a surprisingly literal application of apartheid between entirely separate but equal Black and white sectors of society, with CSA government fraught with tension between an all-black House and an all-white Senate (see Race in SF). It is perhaps not entirely surprising that Sex – and the clear impossibility of distinguishing true Black from true white in a miscegenate society like America – soon threatens this world with demolition. [JC]

Howard Means

born

works

• C.S.A.: Confederate States of America (New York: William Morrow, 1998) [hb/Alan Ayers]

links

• Internet Speculative Fiction Database

Entry from The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (2011-current) edited by John Clute and David Langford.
Accessed 08:33 am on 12 November 2025.
<https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/means_howard>